Diving a submarine is called its transition from a surface position to an underwater one, or a change in the depth of immersion from a smaller to a greater.

The transition of the submarine from the surface to the underwater position is made by filling the tanks of the main ballast, and changing the depth of the dive from a smaller one to a larger one, as a rule, by a turn and horizontal rudders.

Diving a submarine in two stages is called ordinary diving. It is produced:

With a signboard;

When trimming in areas cramped for maneuvering underwater;

With training objectives, as well as at the discretion of the submarine commander.

In normal diving, the end tanks of the main ballast are filled first, then the middle group with an empty fast-diving tank.

Before diving on the submarine, the holds are drained, the compartments and the battery are ventilated, the bridge prepares for the dive, and when approaching the dive point, the course is stopped and the fast-dive tank is blown through. The dive is preceded by the command of the commander pl “Everything is down. In places to stand, to dive. " The personnel take places according to the schedule for immersion, closes the outboard openings and prepares systems for the submarine to swim under water. The main command post is transferred from the bridge to the central post or to the conning tower. Observation of the horizon is carried out through the periscope and with the help of radio equipment. Then the tanks of the main ballast of the bow and stern (end) groups are filled, and the ventilation of the stern group opens 1-2 seconds before the bow, and the submarine moves to the positional position.

In the positional position, the filling of the drainage line with water and unloaded torpedo tubes with water is checked, compartments are inspected to determine the quality of the sealing of the robust hull. The roll and trim of the submarine are reduced to zero.

After performing the above actions, tanks of the main ballast of the middle group are filled. The ventilation valves of these tanks close at a depth of 5-7 m. If the submarine starts to dive quickly after the filling of the middle group begins, you should immediately close the ventilation valves of the middle group tanks, blow out the “middle”, start the pump to pump water out of the surge tank overboard and float in position position, after which establish and eliminate the cause of the failure of the submarine. Only after this repeat immersion. If the submarine does not sink with the filling of the middle group, it is considered “light”. In this case, the redemption of positive buoyancy is made by taking water from the side into the surge tank. With the arrival of the submarine to a depth of no more than periscope, the ventilation valves of all tanks of the main ballast are closed.

Normal dive on the go

  Arriving at the dive point and going to the desired mode of movement, the commander of the submarine commands: “All down. In places to stand, to dive. " When executing this command, the same actions are performed in the same order as when diving without a turn. After the command “Fill out the middle one”, the commander orders: “To dive so many meters, the trim is so many degrees”. When diving to a safe or deep water, it is not recommended to create a trim more than 5-7 °.

When diving on an even keel, the filling of main ballast tanks will be more uniform. At the same time, the horizontal rudders are shifted “parallel to the dive” in such a way that the trim of the submarine is zero. This position is maintained to a depth of about 5-7 m.

With the arrival of the submarine at a specified depth, you can create a trim given by the commander.

If the boat does not sink, you should take water into the equalizing tank. In this case, as soon as the depth gauge shows a change in depth, the water intake is suspended. If, after filling the middle group of tanks of the main ballast, the submarine begins to sink quickly, it is necessary to create a trim aft, keeping it from further diving with rudders and rudders. At the same time, it is necessary to pump water from the leveling tank overboard. If this proves to be insufficient, the middle group of tanks of the main ballast should be partially purged, the necessary amount of water should be pumped out of the leveling tank, and then, after removing the “bubble” from the “medium”, continue the dive.

Urgent immersion

Urgent immersion is performed by the submarine commander or watch officer and, as a rule, in one combat shift. It provides the departure of the submarine under water in minimal time.

At the “All Down” command, the personnel on the bridge quickly descends into the boat. On the “Urgent Immersion” signal, personnel perform the following actions:

Stops diesel engines, disconnects the nose clutches, zadiraivaet air supply shafts for diesel engines and other outboard openings, opens the pressure balancing valves of tanks of the main ballast, in which there is fuel, as well as the valve of ventilation of the buoyancy tank;

Zadraivaet top manhole hatchet (the commander of the PL or watch officer);

Gives the course electric motors;

Fills the tanks of the main ballast;

Drives horizontal steering wheels;

Blows through a fast-dive cistern and closes its kingston;

Closes the ventilation valves of the middle group and tanks of the main ballast.

In case of urgent immersion, the middle group of tanks is filled after drafting the manhole. The control device of the signaling station should show that the manhole cover, the locks of the air supply shaft to the diesel engines, and the ship and battery ventilation are closed.

In the initial period of a submarine dive, the nasal horizontal rudders should be placed on the dive, and the stern on the ascent. In this case, both pairs of horizontal rudders create sinking forces. Aft horizontal rudders, creating a trimming moment on the stern, help keep the boat on an even keel, balancing the trimming moment that appears when the fast-dive tank is filled.

Upon reaching the depth, when all tanks of the main ballast are filled, the stern rudders should be shifted to the dive, create a trim up to 10 ° on the bow (depending on the design of the pl) and keep it in the process of diving.

If the submarine is to remain at the periscope depth, the quick-dive tank is flushed at a depth equal to half the periscope. If it is necessary to go to the safe depth, the tank of fast immersion is purged at a depth not less than periscope. The ventilation valves of the main ballast tanks are closed immediately after the submarine leaves under water.

As a rule, with the command “Immediate Immersion” an order is given by the commander of the platoon (watch officer): “To dive to a depth of so many meters with a trim of so many degrees”. With the approach to a predetermined depth, the trim is retracted, and the horizontal helmsman reports the depth to the depth gauge.

In case of urgent immersion, you must be prepared to make an emergency purge of the end tanks of the main ballast, if the trim, rapidly increasing, exceeds the allowable one. Blowing out an average group of tanks may be required in the event of loss of buoyancy if the load of the submarine is incorrectly calculated or when the tank is quickly blown away.

Immersion to the maximum depth

  In the submerged position the pl can be located at depths: periscope (7-9 m), under the RDP

Under the dive understand the transition of a submarine from a surface to a submerged position. This type of maneuver includes a change in the depth of the dive, when the vessel goes to the lower levels of the water column. When immersed, the special tanks of the main ballast are filled with water. Being underwater, the boat can change the depth of the dive with the help of horizontal rudders.

Normal diving is carried out in two stages and is performed most often in areas with poor conditions for maneuvering, for training purposes, and also at the discretion of the ship’s commander. In this case, the end tanks of the ballast are filled first, and then the middle group of tanks. Under normal maneuver, a tank designed for quick diving remains unfilled.

Immersion is preceded by preparation: the holds are drained, compartments are ventilated, the condition of the battery is checked. The dive point is chosen in advance. When approaching it, the boat stops moving. The very process of going under water is preceded by a special team, in which the staff takes their places corresponding to the service schedule.

Monitoring of the surface situation is transferred to the conning tower and carried out using radio equipment or through a periscope. Having dived, the boat goes into the so-called positional position. Now the team checks the compartments of the vessel to establish how well the sealing of the hull of the boat is maintained.

How urgent immersion is performed

In a combat situation, there are times when a boat needs to be submerged as quickly as possible. To do this, usually involve only one combat shift. The signal for urgent immersion can be filed by the captain or watch officer. Hearing the “All Down” command, the crew on the bridge immediately descends into the submarine and takes its place, carrying out the incoming commands.

At the same time, diesel installations and nose clutches are shut off, outboard openings and shafts are dragged down, through which air is supplied to diesel engines. The watch officer closes the upper head compartment. Filling of tanks of the main ballast begins, electric motors turn on. Blown and prepared for the maneuver of a tank of rapid immersion.

In case of urgent immersion, the crew pays special attention to constantly checking the position of the ship. This is necessary so that the incremental trim does not exceed the allowable one, since in this case the boat may well lose buoyancy. Here the experience of the ship commander, as well as the clear and coordinated work of the crew, plays a huge role.

› The deepest nuclear submarine (Project 685) "Fin"

Project 685 "Fin" - an experimental deep-sea torpedo nuclear submarine.

Project 685. Nuclear rank cruiser 1 rank.

Code of work: "Fin".
Built: 1 unit.
Tactical number: K-278, from 10.1988. (according to other data from January 31, 1989) Komsomolets.
NATO designation: Mike.
Developer: TsKB-18, from 1966. “Leningrad Design and Installation Bureau“ Rubin ”” (LMBB “Rubin”), Leningrad.
Chief Designer: N.A. Klimov, since 1977 Yu.N.Kormilitsyn.
Deputy Chief Designer: D.A. Romanov
Manufacturer: PO "Northern Machine-Building Enterprise" (PO "SMP"), Severodvinsk.
Responsible deliverer of software "SMP": V.M. Chuvakin.
Serial number: 510.
Bookmark date: 04.22.1978
Date of launching: 05/09/1983.
Date of entry into operation: 10/20/1983. (according to the developer, the act of acceptance of 12/28/1983.)
Date of death: 04/07/1989.

N.A. Klimov:

Yu.N. Kormilitsin:

Characteristics of the project submarine 685:
Maximum length 118.4 m
Maximum width 11.1 m
Draft on KVL 7.4 m
Displacement:
- normal 5680 m3
- total 8500 m3
Reserve buoyancy 36%
Operating depth 1000 m
Extreme depth of immersion 1250 m
Full underwater speed of 30.6 knots.
Surface speed 14.0 knots.
Crew 57 people.

The nose of the hull submarine

History of creation.

In August 1966, the command of the Navy issued a tactical and technical assignment for the development of an experimental deep-water submarine (Project 658) with a maximum depth of 2.5 times the corresponding indicator of other nuclear torpedo submarines. Works that received the cipher "Fin" were conducted at TsKB-18 under the supervision of chief designer N.А. Klimov (in 1977 he was replaced by Yu.N. Kormilitsyn).

The deep-sea nuclear submarine was created as a full-fledged warship capable of solving a wide range of tasks, including the search, detection, long-term tracking and destruction of nuclear submarines, the fight against aircraft carriers, large surface ships and enemy transports.

The process of designing a deep-sea boat took more than eight years. The technical design of the deep-sea nuclear-powered icebreaker was approved in December 1974 (according to the data of the Central Design Bureau "Rubin", the technical design was developed in 1973).

On the project 685, it was decided to use titanium alloys as the main structural material.

To determine the performance of a titanium alloy in high-stress conditions of hull structures at large immersion depths, it was decided to conduct a wide range of research and experiments. On the large-scale, semi-natural and full-scale compartments of the submarine, design methods, manufacturing techniques for various structural units of the hull were tested, experimental verification of the static, cyclic and dynamic structural strength was carried out.

As part of the program to create a nuclear submarine of the project 685 in Severodvinsk, three special dock chambers were built, one of which had a diameter of 5 m and a length of 20 m, the other, 12 and 27 respectively, and a third - 15 m and 55 m. pressure 400 kgf / cm2 with a single load and 200 kgf / cm2 - with cyclic loading. The second dock had a working pressure of 200 kgf / cm2 and the third - 160 kgf / cm2.

The experience gained during the implementation of the 685 project was supposed to be widely used in the design and construction of nuclear submarines of a new generation.

The submarine of the 685th project, which received the K-278 number, was officially laid in Severodvinsk on April 22, 1978. The ship was built in blocks, each of which was tested by pressure in the largest of the experimental dock chambers.

The launch of the K-278 took place on May 9, 1983, and on October 20, 1983, the nuclear submarine entered into service of the Red Banner Northern Fleet.

The ship had a two-hull architecture. Its thoroughly developed external contours, combined with the use of a single-shaft power plant, ensured relatively low hydrodynamic resistance and high speed qualities that exceeded the capabilities of American analogues.

The sturdy casing was given a relatively simple configuration. In the middle part it was a cylinder with a diameter of 8 m, and in the extremities - truncated cones, ending with spherical bulkheads (the angle between the cylinder and the cones did not exceed 5 °). The main structural material was adopted titanium alloy 48-T with a yield strength of 72-75 kgf / mm2. Tanks of the main ballast were located inside a solid hull. To minimize the number of holes in a robust housing, it was decided to abandon the solid cutting and torpedo loading hatch.

For emergency (within 20-30 s) creating positive buoyancy at great depths when entering the outboard seawater, a system for blowing ballast from one of the tanks of the middle group was installed using powder generators.

As a result of the rational use of new materials and the implementation of a number of original design solutions, the weight of the submarine hull of the Ave. 685 was 39% of the ship’s normal displacement, which did not exceed the corresponding figure of other nuclear submarines having a much smaller depth of immersion.

The outer casing, welded from a titanium alloy, consisted of 10 ringing-free systems of main ballast, fore and aft extremities, permeable parts and fencing of sliding devices.

The use of titanium has significantly reduced the weight of the body.

Niches of torpedo tubes, cutouts for nasal horizontal rudders, scuppers were equipped with shield closures.

Projections (option) of the project 685 submarine

NPS layout

Robust hull divided into seven compartments:
1st - torpedo, divided by two decks. On the upper deck were placed the breech of the TA, torpedo racks and part of the communications equipment, and on the bottom - a rechargeable battery with 112 elements;
2nd - residential, divided by two decks. Above were located the mess room, galley and sanitary facilities, below - the cabins of personnel. A provision storeroom, fresh water tanks and an electrolysis plant were placed in the hold;
3rd — the central post divided by two decks, on the top of which were located the control panels of the main post and the computing complex, and on the bottom there was an emergency diesel generator;
4th - reactor. It housed a steam generating plant with all the equipment and pipelines of the primary circuit;
5th — compartment of auxiliary mechanisms ensuring the functioning of the cooling system;
6th - turbine compartment. The main turbo-gear unit was located in its diametral plane, and on its sides - two independent turbogenerators and two main condensers;
7th - aft. On it passed the line of the main shaft and placed the drive rudders.
The boat had a pop-up camera capable of accommodating the entire crew and ensuring its rescue from depths up to 1500 m and equipped with an autonomous power supply system. The camera was located in the fence of retractable devices and when the ship was in the surface position it was used to exit from the rooms of a durable hull to the superstructure deck.
In the 2nd and 3rd compartments, where the central post and residential premises were located, the so-called. “Rescue zone” limited by transverse bulkheads capable of withstanding pressures up to 40 kgf / cm2.
The main power plant included one water-cooled atomic reactor OK-650B-3 (190 MW) with four steam generators, one GTZA (43000 hp) and two autonomous turbogenerators (2 x 2000 kW). The backup power plant included one DG-500 diesel generator (500 kW), a battery group and a backup propulsion complex — two propellers placed at the ends of the horizontal tail and driven by 300 kW electric motors enclosed in waterproof capsules. The speed under the backup thrusters in the surface position reached 5 knots.
To prevent the emergency flow of seawater into the robust hull, a dual-circuit system of heat exchangers and onboard equipment was used. Fresh water was circulated in the first cooling circuit with heat removal to two outboard water-to-water coolers. At the same time, the number of outboard openings in a rugged casing was reduced to a minimum.
Each compartment of the ship was equipped with a system of air-foam and bulk chemical extinguishing.
The submarine propulsion control system had a subsystem that provided automated control over the ingress of a durable seawater inside and developed recommendations for the ascent of an emergency boat to the surface.
The main information tool of the boat was the automated sonar complex “Skat”, the antenna posts and instrument equipment of which were located in the nasal tip of the light body in a strong capsule. The SJC was used to illuminate the underwater situation, to issue target designation to missile and torpedo weapons, to identify underwater targets and to solve a number of navigation tasks. The complex provided target detection during noise-finding in the mode of automated target tracking and during echo-finding in the distance measurement mode.
The ship had the Medvititsa-685 high-latitude automatic navigation system, the Bukhta surveillance radar, the Chibis navigation radar, the Molniya-L communications complex (including the Sintez satellite communications station, and the Anis KB and VHF stations and "Cora"). Centralized control of combat activities was carried out through the combat information management system (CIOS).
The submarine torpedo armament consisted of six 533-mm automated torpedo tubes with autonomous pneumohydraulic firing devices and fast-loading systems. The total ammunition was 22 torpedoes, rocket-torpedoes and torpedoes (the standard loading option is two RK-55 rocket-torpedoes, two Squalls and two SAET-60M torpedoes in TA, as well as six rockets and 10 torpedoes on racks). Rocket-torpedo weapons could be used at all depths of a submarine dive, either as single shots or as a volley.
After commissioning, the K-278 was in trial operation for several years. Conducted its intensive tests. In particular, dives were carried out to the maximum depth with a test of the possibility of firing from torpedo tubes. The ship was attracted to participate in the exercises of the fleet. At a depth of about 1000 m, the boat was practically not detected by sonar and other means of a potential enemy and was invulnerable to its weapons.
In October 1988, K-278 was given the name "Komsomolets".

Source: V.E. Ilyin, A.I. Kolesnikov “Submarines of Russia: Illustrated Reference Book”, Astrel, AST, Moscow, 2006

Solemn construction on the occasion of the rise of the Naval Flag. The national flag is removed by the responsible deliverer Chuvakin VI, date: August 1983,

Solemn construction on the occasion of the rise of the Naval flag on the submarine

The K-278 submarine during sea trials in the White Sea, date: November 1983 (approximately)

The K-278 submarine is approaching a pier at Lopatkin Bay, date: October 1987,

Historical information on the submarine "K-278".
March 16, 1976 - Enrolled in the lists of ships of the Navy as a cruising submarine;
April 22, 1978 - Laid down on the stocks of workshop No. 42 of the PO Sevmashpredpriyatie in Severodvinsk as a cruising submarine;
July 25, 1978 - Reclassified to a large submarine;
May 30, 1983 - Solemnly removed from the workshop;
June 3, 1983 - Launched;
July - August 1983 - Mooring tests were carried out;
August 1983 - The Naval Flag was solemnly raised. The beginning of sea trials;
December 28, 1983 - Acceptance act signed, commissioned;
January 18, 1984 - Included in the 6th DPL of the 1st FLPL of the CSF, based on the lip of Lopatkin;
December 14, 1984 - Arrived at a permanent base, by this time the surfacing of the ship was 107 running days, including about two months of sailing without civilian specialists on board. In accordance with the joint decision of the Navy and the Ministry of the Judicial Industry, the pilot operation management was entrusted to the chairman of the commission - the commander of the 1st submarine flotilla - and was carried out according to a special program developed by the Main Committee of the Navy and Midsudprom;
June 29, 1985 - The crew passed course tasks, was introduced to the first-class permanent combat readiness ships and began preparations for deep-sea diving;
July 1985 - Tests of undocking the pop-up chamber were carried out at Zapadnaya Persa Bay;
July 31 - August 7, 1985 -
Deep sea testing. July 31 went to the Norwegian Sea for deep-sea testing. On August 4, she completed a deep-sea diving program. Onboard was the Chief Designer of the project Kormilitsin Yu.N., the technical director of the dive, the first deputy chief designer Romanov DA, the responsible deliverer Chuvakin VM, the transfer mechanic Leonov L.P. At 12.43 PL plunged to a depth of 1000 meters and remained there for 51 minutes, reaching a maximum depth of 1027 meters. When ascending at 800 meters, she executed a torpedo-gunner with blanks. On August 7, Admiral Kapitanets I.M., the commander of the Red Banner Northern Fleet, met the base station on the pier and met the PL;
August - November 1985 - Audit of mechanisms at the PO "Northern Machine-Building Enterprise" in Severodvinsk;
December 1985 - A docking operation was performed at the SRZ-10 in the town of Polyarny to repair the lag rod;
December 30, 1985 - Removed from the dock and transferred from the Pal Bay to a permanent base in the Lopatkin Bay;
1986 - During the period of experimental tactical exercises, in the Norwegian Sea, an emergency gas generator system was tested by ascending from a working depth of 800 meters;
From November 30, 1986 to February 28, 1987 - Complete the tasks of an autonomous BS. Senior aboard ZKD cap. Rank 1 Bogatyrev AS;
June 1987 - Trial operation completed, commissioned for its intended purpose;
August - October 1987 - Performs the tasks of an autonomous BS. During the performance of the tasks of combat service, on September 25, she made a short-term call to a basing point for transfer to the shore of IGAG-1, Art. l-ta Didenko Yu.N., due to the exacerbation of his symptoms of heart failure;
January 31, 1989 - Received the honorary title "Komsomolets";
February 28, 1989 - She entered military service with 604 crew, commanded by Cap. 1 p. Vanina E.A .;
April 7, 1989 - Killed when returning from combat service in the Norwegian Sea. The submarine was at a depth of 380 meters at a speed of 8 knots, when around 11.00 in the 7th compartment there was a seat of fire, the true cause of which remained unidentified. At 11.12 an emergency alarm was announced on the boat, the boat began to float to a depth of 50 meters. Due to a number of reasons, it was not possible to eliminate the fire by supplying LOH, the fire spread, as a result of which power electrical systems got into the fire zone, due to their damage at a depth of 150 meters, the emergency protection of the steam turbine installation triggered and the submarine lost speed. For further ascent, a team was filed to blow the group of the Central City Hospital, which was largely the culmination of the tragedy. Objective data suggests that during the execution of this command, a rupture of the VVD TsGB pipeline No. 10 located in the 7th compartment occurred, as a result of which compressed air began to flow into the compartment under high pressure, which led to the escalation of a local fire into a volumetric one. Due to the sharp increase in pressure, the air mixed with the combustion products began to flow into the tank of the main machine's oil drain, located in the adjacent 6th compartment, and with excessive pressure, the oil was "squeezed" back into the compartment and sprayed on the equipment. When at 11.16 the boat floated to the surface, two compartments were already burning - the 6th and the 7th, 2, 3 and 5th compartments began to smoke, approximately at the same time the console ignited in the 3rd compartment and a flare of combustible gases in the 5th. Already in the surface position, the emergency protection of the nuclear reactor worked, the main circuits were disconnected, the power was transferred to the battery. A command was issued to launch an emergency diesel generator, which the crew performed for more than two hours. At 11 hours 37 minutes the alarm signal was transmitted for the first time. However, due to the destruction of the hydraulics systems at this moment, the retractable devices began to fall under their own weight, perhaps this is the reason for the unreliability of the emergency signal transmission - on the coast, it was accepted and decoded only after 8 times, at 12:00 19 min. Meanwhile, through the destroyed pipeline, hot air from the 7th compartment enters the main ballast tank No. 10 on the starboard side, blows it out, which forms a list on the port side. Not finding out the cause of the formation of a heel, they are trying to level it by blowing opposite tanks, which leads to a fresh portion of air under pressure in the burning compartments. At this point, personnel are included in hose breathing apparatus, the system of which contains combustion products - personnel begin to fail as a result of poisoning, the work of emergency batches to remove victims from the compartments is organized. With a delay, a team was sent - to switch to the IDA, but the first victims had already appeared in the crew. At 12.39, an Il-38 patrol takes off to the scene of the accident, and at 1320 hours the command of the Northern Fleet transfers the coordinates of the boat to the Alexei Khlobystov floating base, which goes to the scene of the accident. At 14.40 there was established visual contact with the Il-38 aircraft. On the boat all this time, attempts continued to eliminate the list and carry out reconnaissance of emergency compartments, in the meantime, the flow of water into the solid hull of the 7th compartment began, the list began to go to starboard, the trim to the stern increased to 2 degrees. The boat ran out of stocks of LOH and high-pressure air. By 4.30 pm, the situation began to rapidly deteriorate and at 4.40 pm the ship was ordered to prepare for the evacuation of the boat, to prepare the FAC, to leave the compartments. The personnel began to deliver life rafts, but only one of them was launched. At 17.08 a boat with a trim to the stern up to 80 degrees rapidly sank at a depth of 1858 meters at the point with coordinates 73 ° 43 "17 N lat. 13 ° 15" 51 E Together with the ship in the area of ​​flooding 23 crew members sank. There were 59 people in the water, five, including the boat commander, remained in the VSK, of whom only one person survived after the ascent of the camera, and the camera sank. A total of 42 submariners died, the bodies of 16 dead and the survivors were taken aboard the fishing base "Alexey Khlobystov" and the fishing vessel "Oma". Further assessment of the causes of the disaster in various sources varies considerably - the Navy leadership blamed the imperfection of the boat designers and shipbuilders, the latter, in turn, declared inept and sometimes even illiterate actions of the crew. However, it is very difficult to judge the correctness or erroneousness of the actions of a crew that has got into an extreme situation;
June 6, 1990 - Excluded from the Navy;
1989 - 1998 - Surveyed on the ground with deep-water devices "Mir". In 1989-1998, seven expeditions were conducted, during which the installation of measuring and recording equipment and the sealing of torpedo tubes were carried out in order to ensure radiation safety. During the expedition in 1998, it was discovered that there were no recording stations, only neatly undocked anchors remained from them. Apparently, the devices were unauthorized, removed or cut off with the help of other underwater vehicles or uninhabited remote-controlled robots.

What do people feel when they find themselves in a closed space under water? There is no sunshine here, they are confused day and night, the engines are monotonously buzzing, and next to the same people from whom you can not hide anywhere for a long time. And constant, driven far into the subconscious anxiety, what if something goes wrong, and the submarine will not be able to emerge ever?

Today we invite you to walk through the compartments of a real submarine and plunge, albeit briefly, into the world of submariners full of dangers.

In Russia there are several submarines converted into museums. One of them is located in St. Petersburg. Now the boat was dragged onto land:

The submarine is called "Narodovolets". By name you can determine when the boat was built. Before the revolution, the submarine called all animal life - fish, birds, animals. Immediately after the revolution, revolutionary names appeared - the Decembrist, the Red Guard, and the same Narodovolets.

In its first underwater journey "Narodovolets" went in 1931. It was a whole celebration with a military band and tribune speeches of senior officials.

"Narodovolets" - fighting boat, so she was armed to the teeth, mostly torpedoes. There were a total of 14 torpedoes on the boat - 6 on the bow, 2 on the stern, and another 6 spare on the racks for reloading.

Submarine space a bit. Therefore, submariners had to sleep literally in an embrace with torpedoes (in the background instead of a wall - a green torpedo):

There are several such mines. If you charge everything, then you can make heavy fire. The upper torpedo shaft is already loaded, the torpedo screw sticks out:

Tols, PLI!

After the shot, the captain of the submarine must set a cunning course to confuse the enemy and escape before they are detected.

Otherwise, you can get backfire, for example, a depth bomb from a ship.

More than a hundred depth bombs were dropped on Narodovolets, the submarine was damaged, but it was not possible to sink it. The boat could hold and surface battle - for this there was artillery armament - 2 guns on the nose and in the fence of the bridge and the cabin.

Narodovolts length is 76 meters, width in the widest part is only 6 meters. The crew consisted of 53 people. The submarine could be at sea without refueling 45 days. And continuously under water without ascent - up to 72 hours.

The maximum depth of immersion "People" was 90 meters. But it is in the most emergency cases. The working depth usually did not exceed 70 meters. In the days when it was built, and even during the Second World War, when Narodovolets successfully fought with the enemy, this depth was quite enough. Modern combat submarines can dive to a depth of 600 m.

  The principle of immersion and ascent is not complicated. There are ballast tanks on the boat, which are loaded with seawater when immersed. If it is necessary to float, this water is forced out of the tanks with the help of high-pressure air or gas and discharged back into the sea.

Air tanks for displacing water from tanks on a submarine a lot:

  Already after the ascent with the help of pumps, these cylinders are refilled with air.

Under water, the boat changes the depth, tilting (according to scientific, it is called creating a trim) from the bow to the stern or back.

Fresh air can be produced directly in the boat. For the production of fresh air were used here such boxes.

They were plates with a very strong chemical substance. The plates were inserted into a special device that worked like ordinary plants - absorbed carbon dioxide and released oxygen. Only all this happened in an accelerated mode.

Such a system operates on modern submarines. Its main drawback is fire and explosion hazard. If a drop of oil, fuel, and sometimes even water on the plates hits, they immediately ignite and may explode. What often happened.
  Even waste plates, when released into the water, hiss like Coldrex in a glass of water.

This system was tested for the first time at the “Narodovoltse”. The boat lay on the bottom of the lake, and for 2 months the crew breathed this recovered air. After no deviations were found in the health of the crew, the system was put into mass production.

The maximum speed of the boat under water is 9 knots (this is approximately 16.7 km / h). But at this speed the boat could go only an hour. Therefore, on average, there were 4 knots (7.4 km / h). But it is under water.

And over the water, a submarine could walk much faster - at a speed of 14 knots, and not an hour, but many, many hours

If the boat was under water on electric motors, then such diesel engines were switched on above the water:

Underwater diesel can not be switched on - a diesel engine needs a lot of air, and it also has smelly exhaust.

The boat usually floated at night to keep its secrecy. At night, air supplies are replenished, batteries are charged, diesel engines are working - inside the submarine there is such noise from the operation of all these devices that it is impossible to sleep. Therefore, the submariners sleep during the day in shifts. Under water, day and night change places, however, here these concepts are purely conditional, because sunlight does not penetrate to depth.

There was a problem with communication on the submarine of the 30s. Submariners communicated with each other using the following negotiation pipes:

Or huge phones with very heavy handsets:

There was also an emergency connection between the edemas.
  On each hatch - table knocking. With the help of taps, it was possible to transmit whole messages:

It was also possible to stick a note in a red pencil case above the hatch, which was called an interstitial cup. You pull out the cork, there is a flask - a note is put in it, a submariner knocks - they say, take the message. On the other hand, the cork is also pulled out and the flask goes (on the photo in the upper right corner there is a red dot with horns):

All of these communication systems are preserved in modern boats (and the restyards, glasses, negotiation pipes, and telephones), but now the main system has been added to all of this - radio broadcasting. So now from the formidable command of the captain will not hide anywhere. On the most modern boats there is already a television communication system. At any time, the captain can display images from cameras installed in the compartments on the monitor - as in reality shows. To hide from the all-seeing eye of the camera, submariners came up with hang caps on them.

Rubber Personal Protective Equipment:

Submarine toilets are very complex devices. You press the wrong button - and not only will all the contents spill out right in the face, so also comrades can remain very unhappy. After all, there is no ventilation in the submarine, and the unpleasant smell will accompany the whole team on the underwater journey for a long time.